Overview
In real texts, reported speech often mixes tenses: some statements backshift, others do not (especially general truths or very recent statements). Understanding when backshift is obligatory, optional, or incorrect requires judgment about context and the time of reporting.
When Backshift is Optional
- Backshift is optional when the statement is still true or very recently said.
- Still trueShe said she lives / lived near the park. (both correct)
- UniversalHe said the Sun rises in the east. (no backshift needed)
- RecentShe just said she can't / couldn't come. (both fine)
Mixed Tense Examples
- Direct'I have been working here since I graduated.'
- ReportedHe said he had been working there since he had graduated / graduated.
When NOT to Backshift
- No backshift for: scientific facts, general truths, recent statements, ongoing situations.
- FactShe said that smoking causes cancer. ✓
- RecentHe said he will be late — he just called. ✓
When to use
Academic writing
The researcher noted that attitudes are changing rapidly.
News
The spokesperson said that demand remains strong.
Conversation
She said she was tired but she's going to the party anyway.
Business
He confirmed that the strategy is still valid.